• Why Entheology.org?
  Our simple and concise mission statement including information regarding submissions. We pay you for reprint rights on any research paper we'd like to include here at Edoto...just click for details.
  

 
• Plants of the Gods
  Absolute essential read for anyone interested in sacred entheogens. Includes detailed history and preparation of 97 psychoactive and/or sacred plants.
  

 
• Extracting Salvinorin from Salvia Divinorum
  This is a concise extraction method for educational purposes only.
  

 
• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
  Extremely important information regarding MAOI's, complete with Diet Card.
  

 
• Traditional Quid Preparation
  Information regarding the traditional praparation of Salvia divinorum for divination by the Mazatecs.
  

 
• Pharmacology of Bufotenine
  Exhaustive case study regarding Bufotenine, 5-MEO-DMT, and related substances.
  

 
• Study on Calea Zacatechichi (Dream Herb)
  Calea zacatechichi is a plant of extensive popular medicinal use in Mexico. An infusion of the plant is has been reported to have psychotropic properties that have been clinically-proven to induce dreaming, and increase the frequency of dreams as well.
  

 
• In Depth Report Regarding DMT
  In this article I wish to draw attention to a strange property of DMT which sets it apart from other psychedelics, namely, it's ability to place users in touch with a realm that is apparently inhabited by discarnate entities of an intelligent nature.
  

 
• The Science of Ethnobotany
  Ethnobotanists share two decades of experience living with the indigenous peoples of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
  

 
• Entheogens and the Future of Religion
  The book should prove to be a welcome complement to other serious studies in mysticism (including those that take a fundamentally different tack).
  

 
• Tukanoans
  The Tukanoans are one of the most known cultures that utilize ayahuasca as their sacrament. They are one of about 70 tribes who share this practice.
  

 
• Ayahuasca, shamanism, and curanderismo in the Andes
  The term ayahuasca comes from the Quechua, meaning literally "the vine of souls," although it is also called "the visionary vine" or the "vine of death." The folk term refers to the botanical species of liana known as Banisteriopsis Caapi , which is also
  

 
• The Santo Daime Religion
  In this paper, the reader will be introduced to the sect of Santo Daime, a Brazilian religion which combines Christianity with the indigenous practice of using ayahuasca, a native entheogenic plant.
  

 
• Santo Daime Church Wins Court Case
  Freedom of Religion versus the Psychotropic Substance Treaty - The Verdict
  

 
• Ayahuasca: Human Consciousness and the Spirits of Nature
  Anything with the name Ralph Metzner even remotely attached to it is a safe buy. An elder statesman responsible for dramatic shifts in consciousness within this nation and throughout the world...
  

 
• DMT: The Spirit Moecule
  Covering a groundbreaking psychedelic substance that is actually found in human cerebrospinal fluid, Rick Strassman tells a first-person story of his research on the profoundly mysterious substance dimethltryptamine (DMT).
  

 
• The World As You Dream It: Shamanic Teachings from the Amazon and Andes
  John has done a lot to honor and preserve the indigenous teachings and the ethnobotanical environment.
  

 
• Shapeshifting: Shamanic Techniques for Global and Personal Transformation
  John has done a lot to honor and preserve the indigenous teachings and the ethnobotanical environment.
  

 
• Canada to Decriminalize Cannabis
  The Liberal government is preparing to move ahead in the new year with legislation to decriminalize marijuana, Justice Minister Martin Cauchon said yesterday.
  

 
• Solubility of Active Components – Quick Guide
  Brief discussion on active components of plants and whether they were traditionally extracted into alcohol, water, or other solvents.
  

 
• Amanita Muscaria
  This mushroom could very well be human's oldest hallucinogen, as it has been identified as Soma of ancient India.
  

 
• Anadenanthera - Yopo, Cebil, Villca
  YOPO or PARICA (Anadenanthera peregrina or Piptadenia peregrina) is a South American tree of the bean family, Leguminosae. A potent hallucinogenic snuff is prepared from the seeds of this tree.
  

 
• Anadenanthera peregrina - Yopo
  Under Construction.
  

 
• Argyreia nervosa - Hawaiian Baby Woodrose
  Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds are perhaps one of the least understood of modern-day entheogens and exotic botanicals. There is much controversy in regards to its true place in Shamanic and traditional history outside of its native culture and home; India.
  

 
• Argyreia nervosa - Hawaiian Baby Woodrose
  Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds are perhaps one of the least understood of modern-day entheogens and exotic botanicals. There is much controversy in regards to its true place in Shamanic and traditional history outside of its native culture and home; India.
  

 
• Banisteriopsis caapi - Ayahuasca
  Used in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific slopes of the Columbian and Ecuadorian Andes.
  

 
• Brugmansia aurea - Golden Angel's Trumpet
  Under Construction.
  

 
• Brugmansia sanguinea - Blood-Red Angel's Trumpet
  Under Construction.
  

 
• Brunfelsia grandiflora - Brunfelsia
  Under Construction.
  

 
• Caesalpina sepiaria - Yun Shih
  This plant was reputedly used in China as hallucinogen, this is nearly all we know about this plant.
  

 
• Calea zacatechichi - Dream Herb
  Calea zacatechichi is a plant used by the Chontal Indians of Mexico to obtain divinatory messages during dreaming.
  

 
• Cannabis sativa - Marijuana
  The original home of Cannabis is thought to be central Asia, but it has spread around the globe with the exception of Arctic regions and areas of wet tropical forests.
  

 
• Areca catechu - Betel Nut
  Betel nuts have been used as a drug for thousands of years. The practiced is thought to have started in south-east Asia and there is archaeological evidence to support this view.
  

 
• Claviceps purpurea - Ergot Alkaloid
  Ergot: A Fungus Disease Of Rye That Contains LSD
  

 
• Conocybe siligineoides - Conocybe
  Conocybe Siligineoides is a sacred fungus endemic only to Mexico.
  

 
• Modern Day Shamanism in Hawaii
  Serge is doing his part to save the shaman traditions of his culture when he formed Aloha International; a world-wide network of people studying and practicing the Hawaiian shamanic traditions.
  

 
• Ibogaine a One-Way Trip to Sobriety
  Besides running a seed-distribution business, the peace and pot activist Marc Emery has started a new project that he's especially passionate about, one he says can cure cocaine and heroin addiction at a low price.
  

 
• You Hip to the Entheogen (R)evolution?
  The last decade has been secretly psychedelic. And we have all been primed and ready for an explosion of consciousness. To get to that point, we must have an idea of where to direct our energies. The best way to do this is through a common goal of cogniti
  

 
• Peyote on the Brain
  Is the Secret to Alcoholism and Other Addictions Locked Up in the Hallucinogenic Drugs?
  

 
• Database Has Deadly Facts About Smoking
  Tobacco FactFile, a new Internet database unveiled by the British Medical Association (BMA), contains worldwide facts and figures about smoking, the Associated Press reported February 27, 2003.
  

 
• Database Has Deadly Facts About Smoking
  Tobacco FactFile, a new Internet database unveiled by the British Medical Association (BMA), contains worldwide facts and figures about smoking, the Associated Press reported February 27, 2003.
  

 
• Spiritual Regression and Modern Day Shamans
  The term “shaman” is used to describe individuals who are able to bridge the physical and spiritual realms through their ability to enter into, and induce, profound states of trance. Shamanism is less of a specific methodology than it is a cosmovision whi
  

 
• Saving the 'Vine of the Soul'
  The appropriation of yage by outsiders threatens to further undermine the fragile culture of the Putumayo region, already devastated by 37 years of civil war. Colombia's billion-dollar U.S.-backed campaign to rid the country of its coca fields and end nar
  

 
• Shamanism and Priesthood
  We have come to recognize two main types of religious practitioners, the shaman and the priest. The shaman is found typically in tribal cultures, the priest in state formations and so, presumably, later in appearance, although some overlap between the two
  

 
• Kieri and the Solanaceae: Nature and Culture in Huichol Mythology
  Article concerning the use of Solandra among the Huichol and the true identity of Kieri.
  

 
• Plants as Teachers Among 4 Mestizo Shamans of Iquitos, Peru
  In the city of Iquitos and its vicinity there is even today a rich tradition of folk medicine. Practitioners, some of whom qualify as shamans, make an important contribution to the psychosomatic health of the inhabitants of this area.
  

 
• Soma of the Aryans: an ancient hallucinogen?
  This paper is based upon the author's "SOMA, Divine Mushroom of Immortality ", published in 1969 in New York by Harcourt Brace & World Inc., and in The Hague by Mouton. This work is referred to in the following pages as " Soma".
  

 
• Chacruna - An Overview of Ayahuasca's Principal Companion
  Psychotria is distributed in the warm and tropical regions of both hemispheres. They are low to tall shrubs or small trees, sometimes epiphytic. Approximately 1,200 species are described, of which about 800 are valid taxa. Classification of Psychotria spe
  

 
• Botanical Jewelry
  Humans have been decorating their bodies with the beauty of natural objects for thousands of years. Primitive man wore necklaces made from the bones, claws and teeth of slain animals.
  

 
• Ethnobotanical Tools in the Ancient Near East
  It is suggested that art and artifact have been sources often overlooked in determining the ethnobotanical content of any early civilization. The suggestion is made that early civilizations in the area of the Fertile Crescent employed Datura, Cannabis, Cl
  

 
• Lessons in The Use of Mazatec Psychoactive Plants
  During the mid-1980’s I participated in a caving expedition in the Sierra Mazateca of Oaxaca, Mexico. Our group intended to explore and map the lower reaches of the Sotano de San Agustin, which at that time was the deepest known vertical cave in the weste
  

 
• Psychoactive Plants Traditionally Used in Madagascar
  THE FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS refer to two plants used by some of the autochthonous peoples of Madagascar and are based on an article by a French researcher, Pierre Boiteau. The article is unmentioned in the specialist literature on psychoactive plants.
  

 
• the Peyote Gardens: A Conservation Crises?
  Peyote is not a dangerous drug that victimizes Native Americans as alcohol as done. Rather, it is a sacred plant having a history of use of more than 6000 years. It is only used ceremonially and as medicine. It is not addicting, nor does it cause harmful
  

 
• Hallucinogens and Creativity
  Since the late 1950s, when psychedelics became more potent and more easily available, many studies and interviews focused on the influence of hallucinogen on the creative process. Most interest was placed on understanding how the mind works under the infl
  

 
• The Way of the Shaman
  ...many educated, thinking people have left the Age of Faith behind them. They no longer trust ecclesiastical dogma and authority to provide them with adequate evidence of the realms of the spirit or, indeed, with evidence that there IS spirit. Secondha
  

 
• Tobacco Use - A Cross-cultural Comparison
  Tobacco in the South American Indian Tradition is used for purification, connection with the divine, and recreation. It plays a major role in many shamanistic traditions, and is an integral part of many of their cultures.
  

 
• Jesus as a Mythical Copycat
  There are many mythological figures who came long before Jesus, yet the mythological story of Jesus is strikingly similar to these...
  

 
• Jesus as a Mythical Copycat
  There are many mythological figures who came long before Jesus, yet the mythological story of Jesus is strikingly similar to these...
  

 
• History of the Non-Medical Use of Drugs in the US
  This speech is derived from The Forbidden Fruit and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of American Marijuana Prohibition by Professor Richard J. Bonnie & Professor Charles H. Whitebread, II
  

 
• Amazon's Green Gold
  Biotechnology firms, pharmaceutical corporations, laboratories and university researchers are scouring the Amazon rainforest in a profit-driven pursuit. Seeking the Amazon’s “green gold,” they are turning to local indigenous groups to gain access to t
  

 
• Cannabis: "The Aspirin of the 21st Century?"
  Cannabis, the third most popular recreational drug after alcohol and tobacco, could win a new role as the aspirin of the 21st century, with growing evidence that its compounds may protect the brain against the damaging effects of ageing.
  

 
• False Alarm: Kava Not Toxic to Liver
  A meta-analysis of all clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of Kava, supports Kava’s beneficial effects in treating anxiety, without any reported cases of liver toxicity.
  

 
• Shadows in the Sun
  Renowned anthropologist Wade Davis shows us how preserving the diversity of the world's cultures and spiritual beliefs is just as important as preserving our endangered plants, insects, and animals. This essay focuses on an ayahuasca ceremony.
  

 
• Indigenous Cultures from Yesterday to Today
  Shamanism is a very important part of the essence of the wisdom of the Indian. If we truly want to understand what it consists of to know our indigenous peoples we should learn to look beyond the simple phenomena that is produced by the customs, artistic
  

 
• The Drug War Is The Inquisition
  Racism, of course, was originally a form of anti-tribalism, driven by the economic value of enslavement. We are no longer overtly racist, in our public laws at least, but we are still politically driven by industrial power centers, still brutally anti-t
  

 
• U.S. Backs Colombia on Attacking SUSPECTED Drug Planes
  Such a policy, which has been criticized by human rights groups, was suspended in Colombia and Peru after a Peruvian jet fighter mistakenly shot down a private plane carrying American missionaries, killing two people, one an infant, in 2001.
  

 
• Medical Marijuana Slowly Gains Ground
  For hundreds of years, marijuana has been used to treat a wide variety of illnesses. But the herb has been illegal throughout the modern era of scientific medical research. Patients swear the drug works to relieve pain, prevent seizures, and counteract th
  

 
• Medical Marijuana Slowly Gains Ground
  For hundreds of years, marijuana has been used to treat a wide variety of illnesses. But the herb has been illegal throughout the modern era of scientific medical research. Patients swear the drug works to relieve pain, prevent seizures, and counteract th
  

 
• America Destroying Coca Cultures
  There has been rioting in Bolivia for nearly four weeks now. News reports say that the riots have been over the construction of a pipeline to ship natural gas to the United States. That's true, but there's a deeper anger at work: anger toward the United S
  

 
• America Destroying Coca Cultures
  There has been rioting in Bolivia for nearly four weeks now. News reports say that the riots have been over the construction of a pipeline to ship natural gas to the United States. That's true, but there's a deeper anger at work: anger toward the United S
  

 
• College Students Less Religious & More Spiritual
  Students are becoming more open-minded in their beliefs, leaving organized religions, but growing more spiritual in their search for meaning in the world around them.
  

 
• College Students Less Religious & More Spiritual
  Students are becoming more open-minded in their beliefs, leaving organized religions, but growing more spiritual in their search for meaning in the world around them.
  

 
• Absinthe - Green Fairy - Wormwood
  Celebrate the lifting of the 100-year ban on absinthe, and discover why this drink has become so infamous the world-over, and find out for yourself why this plant was the favorite of so many artists througout history.
  

 
• Debunking the Hemp Conspiracy
  Pot isn't illegal because the paper industry is afraid of competing with hemp -- it's because of racism and the culture wars.
  

 
• Debunking the Hemp Conspiracy
  Pot isn't illegal because the paper industry is afraid of competing with hemp -- it's because of racism and the culture wars.
  

 
• States Must Tackle Medical-Marijuana Issue
  Workplace Safety is made key issue in Northwest States' Medical Marijuana Initiatives
  

 
• Making Pot Legal: We Can Do It -- Here's How
  Changing public opinion about pot isn't easy. Changing America's anti-pot laws is even harder -- here's a blueprint to get it done.
  

 
• Making Pot Legal: We Can Do It -- Here's How
  Changing public opinion about pot isn't easy. Changing America's anti-pot laws is even harder -- here's a blueprint to get it done.
  

 
• Moses High On Drugs: Isreali Researcher
  New study examines the possible use of psychoactive plants by Moses on Mt. Sanai, and in the religious rites of biblical times.
  

 
• Moses High On Drugs: Isreali Researcher
  New study examines the possible use of psychoactive plants by Moses on Mt. Sanai, and in the religious rites of biblical times.
  

 
• Ira Glasser Remembers William F. Buckley, Jr.
  William F. Buckley, Jr., conservative intellectual--and supporter of drug policy reform--passed away February 27, 2008. He is remembered by Ira Glasser, president of DPA's board and former executive director of the American Civil Liberties Union.
  

 
• Narcotics Control Board Destroying Coca Cultures
  In a culturally insensitive and irrational move, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) has called for the governments of Bolivia and Peru to abolish all uses of the coca leaf, including coca leaf chewing.
  

 
• Narcotics Control Board Destroying Coca Cultures
  In a culturally insensitive and irrational move, the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) has called for the governments of Bolivia and Peru to abolish all uses of the coca leaf, including coca leaf chewing.
  

 
• Peyote (Lophophora williamsii)
  Peyote (Lophophora williamsii grows in South-Eastern America and in northern regions of Mexico. In Mexico, peyote has been used for divination in shamanic rituals and in the treatment of ailments for at least 10,000 years.
  

 
• Tagetes lucida - Marigolds
  Tagetes lucida, widely identified as a powerfully psychoactive strain of the marigold flower, was first documented by the Aztecs. They used Tagetes lucida in their ritual incense they referred to as yyauhtl. This name was derived from the Aztecan word uja
  

 
• White Lotus - Nymphaea ampla
  The effects of the flower when prepared as a tea or decoction and ingested are said to be much like the opiate apomorphine. White lotus actually contains aporphine, which is closely related to apomorphine, differing only in the lack of two hydroxyl group
  

 
• Passiflora - Passion Flower
  The psychoactive properties of the Passiflora genus as a whole is still awaiting thorough ethnopharmacological study, however there are several species that have a rich history as entheogens.
  

 
• Yohimbe - Pausinystalia yohimba
  In addition to its sexual stimulant and aphrodisiac qualities, the bark of the yohimbe tree has been reported to also be hallucinogenic when smoked. The psychoactive effects are primarily due to the main active constituent yohimbine. Yohimbine has sympath
  

 
• Withania somnifera - Ashwagandha
  Widely used back in Mesopotamia for its medicinal and narcotic properties, this member of the Nightshade Family, was well known in ancient Egypt and characterized and classified as a sakrân intoxicant in Old Arabic.
  

 
• Santo Daime: The Drug-Fuelled Religion
  A new religion is spreading to Britain - its central sacrament the consumption of a hallucinogenic ayahuasca. This report is from inside the faith's heartland, the rainforests of the Amazon.
  

 
• Santo Daime: The Drug-Fuelled Religion
  A new religion is spreading to Britain - its central sacrament the consumption of a hallucinogenic ayahuasca. This report is from inside the faith's heartland, the rainforests of the Amazon.
  

 
• Ancient Shamanic Solutions
  Cultural anthropologist and author, Dr. John Broomfield, studies ancient shamanic cultures and applies ancient wisdom to modern-day solutions.
  

 
• Ancient Shamanic Solutions
  Cultural anthropologist and author, Dr. John Broomfield, studies ancient shamanic cultures and applies ancient wisdom to modern-day solutions.
  

 
• LSD, Ketamine & Cannabis Could Treat Headaches to Diabetes
  Doctors and researchers in the US and across Europe are studying legitimate therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs with new science set to prove their case.
  

 
• LSD, Ketamine & Cannabis Could Treat Headaches to Diabetes
  Doctors and researchers in the US and across Europe are studying legitimate therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs with new science set to prove their case.
  

 
• LSD Helped Forge Alex Grey's Spiritual, Artistic and Love Lives
  Interview with artist Alex Grey explores his use of psychotropic drugs and their influence on his art, his spirituality, and his life.
  

 
• Salvia Divinorum: Old Psychedelic Drug, New Appeal
  The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum can be purchased online or at a local head shop. While the DEA and others want to limit its use, scientists say making it a controlled substance would hinder research.
  

 
• Salvia Divinorum: Old Psychedelic Drug, New Appeal
  The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum can be purchased online or at a local head shop. While the DEA and others want to limit its use, scientists say making it a controlled substance would hinder research.
  

 
• Brain's Reaction To Potent Hallucinogen Salvia Explored
  U.S. Department of Energy is conducting new brain-imaging studies on animals, documenting the effects of Salvia divinorum on the brain.
  

 
• Brain's Reaction To Potent Hallucinogen Salvia Explored
  U.S. Department of Energy is conducting new brain-imaging studies on animals, documenting the effects of Salvia divinorum on the brain.
  

 
• Trip Of A Lifetime: How LSD Rocked The World
  A comprehensive overview of the life and work of Albert Hoffman, the bicycling Swiss chemist who created LSD - it explores the trailblazing, mind-altering legacy he left behind after his death on Tuesday, April 29, 2008, at the age of 102.
  

 
• Trip Of A Lifetime: How LSD Rocked The World
  A comprehensive overview of the life and work of Albert Hoffman, the bicycling Swiss chemist who created LSD - it explores the trailblazing, mind-altering legacy he left behind after his death on Tuesday, April 29, 2008, at the age of 102.
  

 
• The Shroom Tragedy
  Magic mushrooms are on the verge of being outlawed by the Dutch government for the usual sensationalized reasons as everywhere else.
  

 
• The Shroom Tragedy
  Magic mushrooms are on the verge of being outlawed by the Dutch government for the usual sensationalized reasons as everywhere else.
  

 
• Brazil Appeals Court Rules Drug Possession Not a Crime
  At the end of March, a Brazilian appeals court in São Paulo declared that possession of drugs for personal use is not a criminal offense. Several lower courts had previously ruled in the same way, but the ruling from the São Paulo Justice Court's 6th Crim
  

 
• US Leads World in Substance Abuse, WHO Finds
  The United States leads the world in rates of experimenting with marijuana and cocaine despite strict drug laws, World Health Organization researchers said on Tuesday. Countries with looser drug laws have lower rates of abuse, the researchers report in t
  

 

4. Source: Murphy, Sheila L., "Deaths: Final Data for 1998," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 48, No. 11 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, July 24, 2000), Table 10, p. 53, from the web at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvs48_11.pdf.(1998): The US Centers for Disease Control reports that in 1998, there were a total of 18,272 deaths from homicide in the US.

5. Source: Murphy, Sheila L., "Deaths: Final Data for 1998," National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 48, No. 11 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, July 24, 2000), Table 10, p. 53, from the web at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvs48_11.pdf

• (1998): "In 1998 a total of 16,926 persons died of drug-induced causes in the United States (Table 20). The category 'drug-induced causes' includes not only deaths from dependent and nondependent use of drugs (legal and illegal use), but also poisoning from medically prescribed and other drugs. It excludes accidents, homicides, and other causes indirectly related to drug use. Also excluded are newborn deaths due to mother's drug use." The total number of deaths in the US in 1998 was 2,337,256.

6. Source:  Murphy, Sheila L., Centers for Disease Control, "Deaths: Final Data for 1998,", National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 48, No. 11 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, July 24, 2000), pp. 1, 10, from the web at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvs48_11.pdf

• (1996): "Each year, use of NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) accounts for an estimated 7,600 deaths and 76,000 hospitalizations in the United States." (NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac, ketoprofen, and tiaprofenic acid.)

7. Source: Robyn Tamblyn, PhD; Laeora Berkson, MD, MHPE, FRCPC; W. Dale Jauphinee, MD, FRCPC; David Gayton, MD, PhD, FRCPC; Roland Grad, MD, MSc; Allen Huang, MD, FRCPC; Lisa Isaac, PhD; Peter McLeod, MD, FRCPC; and Linda Snell, MD, MHPE, FRCPC, "Unnecessary Prescribing of NSAIDs and the Management of NSAID-Related Gastropathy in Medical Practice," Annals of Internal Medicine (Washington, DC: American College of Physicians, 1997), September 15, 1997, 127:429-438, from the web at http://www.acponline.org/journals/annals/15sep97/nsaid.htm, last accessed Feb. 14, 2001, citing Fries, JF, "Assessing and understanding patient risk,"Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology Supplement, 1992;92:21

• An exhaustive search of the literature finds no deaths induced by sacred entheogens such as Salvia Divinorum and. The US Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) records no instances of drug mentions in medical examiners' reports. Sacred Entheogens or Salvia divinorum alone has not been shown to cause an overdose death, nor have there been any hospital visits by anyone who has ingested them.

8. Source: Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), available on the web at http://www.samhsa.gov/ and at Daniel Siebert's site; http://www.sagewisdom.org, as well as the Center for Cognitive Liberty and Ethics at: http://www.cognitiveliberty.org