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- Why Entheology.org?
Our simple and concise mission statement including information regarding submissions. We pay you for reprint rights on any research paper we'd like to include here at Edoto...just click for details.
- Plants of the Gods
Absolute essential read for anyone interested in sacred entheogens. Includes detailed history and preparation of 97 psychoactive and/or sacred plants.
- Annual Causes of Death in America
The REAL truth is the most sobering statistic.
- Annual Causes of Death in America
The REAL truth is the most sobering statistic.
- Extracting Salvinorin from Salvia Divinorum
This is a concise extraction method for educational purposes only.
- Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
Extremely important information regarding MAOI's, complete with Diet Card.
- Traditional Quid Preparation
Information regarding the traditional praparation of Salvia divinorum for divination by the Mazatecs.
- Pharmacology of Bufotenine
Exhaustive case study regarding Bufotenine, 5-MEO-DMT, and related substances.
- Study on Calea Zacatechichi (Dream Herb)
Calea zacatechichi is a plant of extensive popular medicinal use in Mexico. An infusion of the plant is has been reported to have psychotropic properties that have been clinically-proven to induce dreaming, and increase the frequency of dreams as well.
- In Depth Report Regarding DMT
In this article I wish to draw attention to a strange property of DMT which sets it apart from other psychedelics, namely, it's ability to place users in touch with a realm that is apparently inhabited by discarnate entities of an intelligent nature.
- The Science of Ethnobotany
Ethnobotanists share two decades of experience living with the indigenous peoples of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.
- Entheogens and the Future of Religion
The book should prove to be a welcome complement to other serious studies in mysticism (including those that take a fundamentally different tack).
- Tukanoans
The Tukanoans are one of the most known cultures that utilize ayahuasca as their sacrament. They are one of about 70 tribes who share this practice.
- Ayahuasca, shamanism, and curanderismo in the Andes
The term ayahuasca comes from the Quechua, meaning literally "the vine of souls," although it is also called "the visionary vine" or the "vine of death." The folk term refers to the botanical species of liana known as Banisteriopsis Caapi , which is also
- The Santo Daime Religion
In this paper, the reader will be introduced to the sect of Santo Daime, a Brazilian religion which combines Christianity with the indigenous practice of using ayahuasca, a native entheogenic plant.
- Santo Daime Church Wins Court Case
Freedom of Religion versus the Psychotropic Substance Treaty - The Verdict
- Ayahuasca: Human Consciousness and the Spirits of Nature
Anything with the name Ralph Metzner even remotely attached to it is a safe buy. An elder statesman responsible for dramatic shifts in consciousness within this nation and throughout the world...
- DMT: The Spirit Moecule
Covering a groundbreaking psychedelic substance that is actually found in human cerebrospinal fluid, Rick Strassman tells a first-person story of his research on the profoundly mysterious substance dimethltryptamine (DMT).
- The World As You Dream It: Shamanic Teachings from the Amazon and Andes
John has done a lot to honor and preserve the indigenous teachings and the ethnobotanical environment.
- Shapeshifting: Shamanic Techniques for Global and Personal Transformation
John has done a lot to honor and preserve the indigenous teachings and the ethnobotanical environment.
- Canada to Decriminalize Cannabis
The Liberal government is preparing to move ahead in the new year with legislation to decriminalize marijuana, Justice Minister Martin Cauchon said yesterday.
- Solubility of Active Components – Quick Guide
Brief discussion on active components of plants and whether they were traditionally extracted into alcohol, water, or other solvents.
- Amanita Muscaria
This mushroom could very well be human's oldest hallucinogen, as it has been identified as Soma of ancient India.
- Anadenanthera - Yopo, Cebil, Villca
YOPO or PARICA (Anadenanthera peregrina or Piptadenia peregrina) is a South American tree of the bean family, Leguminosae. A potent hallucinogenic snuff is prepared from the seeds of this tree.
- Argyreia nervosa - Hawaiian Baby Woodrose
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds are perhaps one of the least understood of modern-day entheogens and exotic botanicals. There is much controversy in regards to its true place in Shamanic and traditional history outside of its native culture and home; India.
- Argyreia nervosa - Hawaiian Baby Woodrose
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose seeds are perhaps one of the least understood of modern-day entheogens and exotic botanicals. There is much controversy in regards to its true place in Shamanic and traditional history outside of its native culture and home; India.
- Banisteriopsis caapi - Ayahuasca
Used in the western half of the Amazon Valley and by isolated tribes on the Pacific slopes of the Columbian and Ecuadorian Andes.
- Brugmansia aurea - Golden Angel's Trumpet
Golden Angel’s Trumpet is native to the highland areas around the Andes mountain range in South America. It is very well known throughout southern Columbia, Ecuador and Peru. It has also been transplanted throughout Mexico and Central America, and it is f
- Brugmansia sanguinea - Blood-Red Angel's Trumpet
Bloodred Angel’s Trumpet is native to the midland and lowland areas around the Andes mountain range in South America. It grows wildly throughout Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru. It has also been found growing at sea level in Chile. The plant’s
- Brunfelsia grandiflora - Brunfelsia
Brunfelsia Grandiflora is a tree-like shrub indigenous to the tropical regions of South America, ranging from Venezuela to Bolivia and it is especially abundant in Brazil and on the Caribbean Islands.The plant’s psychoactive compounds are found in the lea
- Caesalpinia sepiaria - Yun Shih
This plant was reputedly used in China as hallucinogen, this is nearly all we know about this plant.
- Calea zacatechichi - Dream Herb
Calea zacatechichi is a plant used by the Chontal Indians of Mexico to obtain divinatory messages during dreaming.
- Cannabis sativa - Marijuana
The original home of Cannabis is thought to be central Asia, but it has spread around the globe with the exception of Arctic regions and areas of wet tropical forests.
- Areca catechu - Betel Nut
Betel nuts have been used as a drug for thousands of years. The practiced is thought to have started in south-east Asia and there is archaeological evidence to support this view.
- Claviceps purpurea - Ergot Alkaloid
Ergot: A Fungus Disease Of Rye That Contains LSD
- Pot Smoking Not Linked to Lung Cancer
People who smoke marijuana do not appear to be at increased risk for developing lung cancer, new research suggests.
- Major Win for Medical Marijuana
A San Diego Superior Court this week handed a critical victory to medical marijuana patients nationwide, affirming the ability of states to exempt qualified patients from criminal penalties, despite federal policy that prohibits all marijuana use.
- Major Win for Medical Marijuana
A San Diego Superior Court this week handed a critical victory to medical marijuana patients nationwide, affirming the ability of states to exempt qualified patients from criminal penalties, despite federal policy that prohibits all marijuana use.
- The Nation’s Borders, Now Guarded by the Net
Mike Milne, a spokesman for the Customs and Border Protection agency in Seattle, said, "If you are or have ever been a drug user, that's one of the many things that can make you inadmissible to the United States. Mr. Feldmar said, "I should warn people t
- Debunking the Hemp Conspiracy
Pot isn't illegal because the paper industry is afraid of competing with hemp -- it's because of racism and the culture wars.
- Debunking the Hemp Conspiracy
Pot isn't illegal because the paper industry is afraid of competing with hemp -- it's because of racism and the culture wars.
- Berkeley Declares Itself Sanctuary For Medical Pot
The City of Berkley, CA, resolves to guarantee continued access to medical marijuana, under increasing pressure from the DEA.
- Moses High On Drugs: Isreali Researcher
New study examines the possible use of psychoactive plants by Moses on Mt. Sanai, and in the religious rites of biblical times.
- Moses High On Drugs: Isreali Researcher
New study examines the possible use of psychoactive plants by Moses on Mt. Sanai, and in the religious rites of biblical times.
- Outrageous Anti-Pot Lies: Media Uses Cancer Scare Tactics
Headlines suggested a study proved pot is a greater cancer risk than tobacco -- but the media didn't even wait for the report to be released.
- Salvia Divinorum Creates Catch-22
Florida follows the lead of eight other states and considers ban on Salvia divinorum.
- Just Say "NO" To Toad
Columnist Steve Rose reports on the trend of "toad smoking."
- Massachusetts Aims For Marijuana Decriminalization in November
Thanks to a carefully-crafted initiative campaign by the Committee for Sensible Marijuana Policy (CSMP), Massachusetts may be the next state to take the step to decriminalize marijuana.
- Santo Daime: The Drug-Fuelled Religion
A new religion is spreading to Britain - its central sacrament the consumption of a hallucinogenic ayahuasca. This report is from inside the faith's heartland, the rainforests of the Amazon.
- Santo Daime: The Drug-Fuelled Religion
A new religion is spreading to Britain - its central sacrament the consumption of a hallucinogenic ayahuasca. This report is from inside the faith's heartland, the rainforests of the Amazon.
- New Documentary: PEYOTE TO LSD: A PSYCHEDELIC ODYSSEY
PEYOTE TO LSD: A PSYCHEDELIC ODYSSEY, a new documentary on the life of Richard Evans Schultes, one of the greatest botanist-explorers of the 20th century, premieres on the History Channel April 20, 2008
- Ken Kesey's Mexico - On the Lam With Ken Kesey
Journalist Lawrence Downes goes down Mexico way in an attempt to conjure the trail blazed by Ken Kesey, novelist, psychedelic prophet and hero of “The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, along with his band of Merry Pranksters in the 1960s.
- Ancient Shamanic Solutions
Cultural anthropologist and author, Dr. John Broomfield, studies ancient shamanic cultures and applies ancient wisdom to modern-day solutions.
- Ancient Shamanic Solutions
Cultural anthropologist and author, Dr. John Broomfield, studies ancient shamanic cultures and applies ancient wisdom to modern-day solutions.
- LSD, Ketamine & Cannabis Could Treat Headaches to Diabetes
Doctors and researchers in the US and across Europe are studying legitimate therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs with new science set to prove their case.
- LSD, Ketamine & Cannabis Could Treat Headaches to Diabetes
Doctors and researchers in the US and across Europe are studying legitimate therapeutic applications of psychedelic drugs with new science set to prove their case.
- Marijuana May Prevent Cancer, Not Cause It
Clinical research begins to demonstrate a link between Cannabinoids and halting the spread of a wide range of cancers.
- LSD Helped Forge Alex Grey's Spiritual, Artistic and Love Lives
Interview with artist Alex Grey explores his use of psychotropic drugs and their influence on his art, his spirituality, and his life.
- Ayurvedic 'Viagra' To Be Tested On Humans
Researchers in India are studying the effects of Ayurveda herbal medicines for treatment of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.
- Salvia Divinorum: Old Psychedelic Drug, New Appeal
The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum can be purchased online or at a local head shop. While the DEA and others want to limit its use, scientists say making it a controlled substance would hinder research.
- Salvia Divinorum: Old Psychedelic Drug, New Appeal
The hallucinogenic herb Salvia divinorum can be purchased online or at a local head shop. While the DEA and others want to limit its use, scientists say making it a controlled substance would hinder research.
- Brain's Reaction To Potent Hallucinogen Salvia Explored
U.S. Department of Energy is conducting new brain-imaging studies on animals, documenting the effects of Salvia divinorum on the brain.
- Brain's Reaction To Potent Hallucinogen Salvia Explored
U.S. Department of Energy is conducting new brain-imaging studies on animals, documenting the effects of Salvia divinorum on the brain.
- How Radical Sixties Architecture Let It All Hang Out
Forty years after the unrest of May 1968, Shumon Basar reviews the new book "Spaced Out", a study of the avant-garde architecture that spring during the mind-expanding drug experimentation of the psychedelic sixties.
- Trip Of A Lifetime: How LSD Rocked The World
A comprehensive overview of the life and work of Albert Hoffman, the bicycling Swiss chemist who created LSD - it explores the trailblazing, mind-altering legacy he left behind after his death on Tuesday, April 29, 2008, at the age of 102.
- Trip Of A Lifetime: How LSD Rocked The World
A comprehensive overview of the life and work of Albert Hoffman, the bicycling Swiss chemist who created LSD - it explores the trailblazing, mind-altering legacy he left behind after his death on Tuesday, April 29, 2008, at the age of 102.
- New Medical Trials Study Therapeutic Uses of LSD
A new Swiss research study of LSD as a therapy is the first in 36 years. The clinical trials are to determine its usefulness in easing anxiety and relieving pain in patients suffering from illnesses such as cancer and multiple sclerosis.
- The Shaman Of Karshong
The story of the making of an Iha, or Shaman - a father of four who became possessed by a local deity and now serves as an intermediary for his village with the spirit world.
- Taking an Ayahuasca Trip
Californian Hamilton Souther takes psychonaut tourists on guided journeys into the depths of ayahuasca and all its magic through his Blue Morpho lodge in the Peruvian jungle.
- Ayahasca Memories and Touchstones
Famous Ayahuasca experimentalists recount their trip memories, and the plant's legal history is discussed.
- Did LSD Change Britain?
Upon the death of LSD's inventor, Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman, the history of the use and legality of LSD in Britain is explored.
- The Future of Psychedelics
Author Daniel Pinchbeck discusses the 2008 World Psychedelic Forum held recently in Switzerland, and the potential for studying psychedelic therapies in the shifting world political climate.
- Self-Experimenters: Psychedelic Chemist Explores the Surreality of Inner Space, One Drug at a Time
Alexander Shulgin endured a government crackdown and hallucinations of his bones melting in pursuit of new mind-bending compounds.
- Research On Psychedelics Moves Into The Mainstream
In-depth article on the new, emerging studies of the psychotherapeutic uses of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, MDMA and Psilocybin.
- Autism, ADD, ADHD and Marijuana Therapy
Medical Marijuana research over the last six years demonstrates a link to marijuana use and alleviating symptoms of ADD, ADHD, depression, pain and other chronic conditions.
- Psst... Government-Supplied Marijuana Program Turns 30
May 10th marked the 30th anniversary of a little-known federal government program - referred to as a Compassionate Investigational New Drug (IND) program - which supplies medical marijuana to only a handful of patients.
- Could an Acid Trip Cure Your OCD?
Research intensifies into the use of psychedelics in the treatment of psychological conditions such as depression, PTSD, obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety. Patients undergoing treatment for life-threatening diseases such as cancer are finding answ
- Khat Out of the Bag
A Somali national residing in London was caught with 10 kilogrammes of khat at the Malta International Airport (MIA) last week. This was the second time that the drug was discovered by the authorities in Malta. But it is well known in other parts of the w
- The Shroom Tragedy
Magic mushrooms are on the verge of being outlawed by the Dutch government for the usual sensationalized reasons as everywhere else.
- The Shroom Tragedy
Magic mushrooms are on the verge of being outlawed by the Dutch government for the usual sensationalized reasons as everywhere else.
- Blood is Thicker Than Friends
Fiji's interim Prime Minister Commodore Voreqe Bainimarama describes his experience with a Vanuatu kava session.
- Incense May Relieve Depression and Anxiety Naturally
Researchers find psychoactive link between burning frankincense incense and relieving symptoms of anxiety and depression.
- Brazil Appeals Court Rules Drug Possession Not a Crime
At the end of March, a Brazilian appeals court in São Paulo declared that possession of drugs for personal use is not a criminal offense. Several lower courts had previously ruled in the same way, but the ruling from the São Paulo Justice Court's 6th Crim
- Will Harvard Drop Acid Again?
Dr. John Halpern of Harvard University conducts research through human clinical trials into the medicinal value and applications of LSD and psilocybin. Joining forces with Halpern is Rick Doblin, founder of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedeli
- Low-Dose Psilocybin Brings Relief To Cluster-Headache Sufferers
Anecdotal evidence and comprehensive, scientific case studies point to successful treatment of cluster headaches with psilocybin mushrooms.
- What Herbs May Help People With Anxiety
Dr. Michael W. Kahn, Assistant Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, and Director of Ambulatory Psychiatry at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, discusses alternative herbal therapies for treating anxiety.
- How the Internet Fuels the Global Psychedelic Community
This year and the next, the United Nations will evaluate the War on Drugs. Since its official start in 1998 we have been bombed with official statistics on drug use, drug addiction, drug trafficking, street prices, courtcases and all the like. But what do
- US Leads World in Substance Abuse, WHO Finds
The United States leads the world in rates of experimenting with marijuana and cocaine despite strict drug laws, World Health Organization researchers said on Tuesday. Countries with looser drug laws have lower rates of abuse, the researchers report in t
- Absinthe - Green Fairy - Wormwood
Now that the ban on absinthe has been lifted in the United States, as well as around the rest of the world, all of us now are able to enjoy The Green Fairy again in all her psychoactive and sometimes psychedelic glory that inspired many great artists.
- Turbina corymbosa - Ololiuqui
Ololiuqui is the Aztec name for the seeds of certain convolvulaceous plants which have been used since prehispanic times by the Aztecs and related tribes, just as the sacred mushrooms and the cactus peyote have been used in their religious ceremonies for
- The Land of the Lotus Smokers
Metaphor and drug use from Homer's the Illiad and he Odyssey, and modern day use of the lotus flower in extracts and herbal blends.
- Theobroma cacao
Cacao truly is a "Food of the Gods", especially now that it's been clinically-proven to be extraordinaily good for our bodies. Yes, chocolate is indeed derived from cacao and has extraordinary nutritional properties, as well as psychoactive and aphrodisi
- Might the Gods be Alkaloids?
The question related in the title of our presentation addresses the role and use of psychoactive plants, throughout the process of human evolution, as inducers of altered states of consciousness.
- Marc Emery, Canada's Prince of Pot
In November 2002, Cannabis Culture publisher Marc Emery completed his second run for Mayor of Vancouver, Canada's West Coast cannabis capital. The renowned pot seed merchant placed fifth on the crowded ballot, participating in all major debates and campai
- Who Will Be Obama’s Pick For ‘Drug Czar’?
by Allen St. Pierre, NORML Executive Director.
- Healing and Regenerative Effects of Ayahuasca
One writer's personal journey into healing and self-awareness at Camp Ayahuasca.
- Russia Bans Blue Lotus Smoking Blends
Light drugs are still available in free sale in Russia despite the official decree issued by Surgeon General Gennady Onischenko. One can purchase a blend of dry herbs in specialized shops. Dope sellers assure their customers that their products are absolu
- Russia Bans Blue Lotus Smoking Blends
Light drugs are still available in free sale in Russia despite the official decree issued by Surgeon General Gennady Onischenko. One can purchase a blend of dry herbs in specialized shops. Dope sellers assure their customers that their products are absolu
- Ancient Psychoactive Incense and Preparations
Psychoactive incense has been known about and used for thousands of years; Over time and after many trials mankind has discovered that a potent hallucinogenic incense could be made by combining several different plants, resins, bark and roots.Although the
- Ancient Psychoactive Incense and Preparations
Psychoactive incense has been known about and used for thousands of years; Over time and after many trials mankind has discovered that a potent hallucinogenic incense could be made by combining several different plants, resins, bark and roots.Although the
- Empathogenic Effects of Sceletium tortuosum
As far as being a potentiator of cannabis, there is no doubt that sceletium has this effect. Much more was gotten from much less when sceletium was added. Overall, it is my opinion that the pleasant effects of this substance, when used in moderation far o
- History of Sceletium tortuosum (Kanna)
Other reports confirm that kougoed induces feelings of euphoria and deep meditative tranquility. Subjects report that the relaxation induced by kougoed enables one to focus on inner thoughts and feelings, and enables one to intensely concentrate on the be
- The God Chemical: Brain Chemistry And Mysticism
Barbara Bradley Hagerty discusses the latest in brain research and the use of entheogens to induce spiritual states of mind in the laboratory. Topics covered include: Peyote ceremonies, lessons learned from scientific studies of LSD's effect on the brain,
- Marijuana Kills Brain Cancer Cells
The study showed, conclusively, that THC (the active alkaloid in Cannabis) caused brain cancer cells to undergo a process called autophagy. This process causes cells to feed upon themselves, thereby destroying them, and not only did researchers witness t
- Melissa officinalis - Lemon Balm
Lemon Balm has long been known for its aromatic qualities and its culinary uses. The Greeks used Lemon Balm to treat insomnia, to calm nerves and alleviate anxiety. It was used as an ingredient in Mediterranean dishes, as a garnish, as an additive to flav
- Ethnopharmacology of Ska María Pastora
S. divinorum is one of several vision-inducing plants employed by the Mazatec Indians, one of the native peoples living in the mountains and upland valleys of northeastern Oaxaca. Unlike other Mexican tribes, there is little information concerning their e
- Spiritual Effects Of Psilocybin In Sacred Mushrooms
In a follow-up to research showing that psilocybin, a substance contained in "sacred mushrooms," produces substantial spiritual effects, a Johns Hopkins team reports that those effects appear to last more than a year. Writing in the Journal of Psychopharm
- Oldest Christian Bible - Let Translations Begin!
The early work known as the Codex Sinaiticus has been housed in four separate locations across the world for more than 150 years. Starting Monday, it became available for perusal on the Web. Scot McKendrick, head of Western manuscripts at the British Libr
- Salvia on Schedule: Detriment to Research
Scientific American explains how the scheduling the mind-altering herb as a controlled substance could slow medical research. This is not news, but the fact that Scientific American published this article is.
- Entada rheedii - African Dream Herb
This liana vine is well known for its enormously large seeds and has been used, by African tribal healers, for centuries to commune with the spirit world through their dreams. The medicine men believe that by consuming the seeds of this magical plant they
- Celastrus Paniculatus - Celastrus Seeds
For thousands of years, Ayurveda medicine men have used the Celastrus seeds for their potent medicinal properties. It was used for many different ailments, but most notably it was administered as a powerful brain tonic, appetite stimulant, and emetic.
- Cyperus Articulatus - Piri Piri
Guinea rush grass, or Piri Piri, is native to the Amazon basin, where native tribes have used it as a medicine for hundreds of years; but it is also known to be a potent dream herb, euphorant and sedative.
- Helichrysum Odoratissmum - Imphepho
Tribes in South Africa have used Imphepho to make smoking blends, often they mixed it with Shamanic grade tobacco to induce deep trance states and shamanic visions.
- Hemidesmus indicus - Sugandi, Sariva
This healing plant, known in ancient Ayurveda medicine as Sugandi, has been revered for its medicinal properties for nearly a thousand years. It naturally produces a wide variety of beneficial compounds known for their healing, calmative and dream inducin
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By BENEDICT CAREY
On the afternoon of Jan. 11, Albert Hofmann, the chemist who discovered LSD, had about a dozen friends and family up to his glass-walled home in the mountains near Basel, Switzerland, for a party. It was his 102nd birthday and, in an important sense, also a homecoming.
Dr. Hofmann, who died last week, spent the latter part of his life consulting with scientists around the world who wanted to bring his “problem child,” as he called the drug, back into the lab to study as a therapeutic agent. Not long before his last birthday, he learned that health officials in his native Switzerland had approved what will be the first known medical trial of LSD anywhere in more than 35 years — to test whether the drug can help relieve distress at end of life.
“It was something to be there, in that house,” said Rick Doblin, president of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies, a nonprofit group that supports research into LSD and related compounds. “He was walking around the place, telling jokes, being a host. He seemed ... I don’t know, peaceful somehow, comfortable to let the next generation carry on his spirit. And he was expressing how completely grateful he was that that we’d been able to restart LSD research — that his problem child had come home, had become a wonder child.”
Most drugs that capture the imagination of the wider culture seem at first to soothe the unease or gloom of their times, like Valium in the 1970s or Prozac in the late 1980s and early 1990s. But lysergic acid diethylamide, the substance Dr. Hofmann accidentally ingested in 1943 while working at the Swiss drug firm Sandoz, did exactly the opposite. It inflamed people’s hopes and fears, powerfully so.
LSD, it turns out, is one of the most potent consciousness-altering substances known; an amount the size of a grain of salt can induce swirls of emotion, and shimmering clear senses in which the ordinary becomes extraordinary, luminous, meaningful. It can infuse a person with creative energy or overwhelm the brain with a swarming feeling of loss and fear. Sometimes both: Even Dr. Hofmann had at least one bad trip, recalling in his autobiography, “Everything in the room spun around, and the familiar objects and pieces of furniture assumed grotesque, threatening forms.”
Looking back, scholars say, it’s hard to imagine that such a drug, once in circulation, could not have taken Western culture for a wild ride, especially given the forces at play in the postwar United States.
“It was probably inevitable, and I think the reason is that the common denominator, the common ground shared by all the various groups who made use of LSD, was that they got instantly excited about it as potentiator of their own agenda, whatever that was,” said Martin A. Lee, co-author of “Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The C.I.A., the ’60s and Beyond.” “It’s a terrible phrase, but I think of LSD as a potentiator of possibilities. It just evoked these grandiose possibilities with people.”
Scientists in the 1940s and 1950s, for instance, thought it might be the key to providing healing insight, a window on the soul, a way to transcend psychosis, mania, depression. Dr. Hofmann thought it could awaken a deeper awareness of mankind’s place in nature. About 1,000 studies crowd the medical literature of that era, many of them sloppy, a few tantalizing and some disastrous for the people being “treated” with an acid trip. The C.I.A. tested the drug as an aid to interrogation, a kind of truth serum. The Army modeled the possibility of using it as a madness gas, of dosing the enemy to gain quick advantage.
And this was all before acid met the counterculture on Haight Street in the 1960s.
But meet they did, and it was love at first sight. Dr. Hofmann’s child was no hustler from a shotgun lab in Tijuana, after all, but a bourgeois revolutionary, born into establishment medicine and able to travel the world and enter societies from the top down, through their most hallowed institutions.
The English novelist Aldous Huxley, who struck up a friendship with Dr. Hofmann, was one of the first prominent proponents of LSD use for personal transformation. Timothy Leary, LSD’s pied piper, was a Harvard professor whose public raptures over the drug were a strong cocktail of mystical and scientific jargon. Ken Kesey, founder of the protoraves known as acid tests, was at age 30 already an acclaimed novelist, author of “One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest.” He likened taking acid to “putting a tuning fork on your whole body.”
Not that acid was a hard sell to young people in the early 1960s, at least to those who longed not only to shake free of mainstream suburban-corporate culture but also to transform it, and themselves. They weren’t looking for an angry fix but something far grander. “To put matters bluntly: the hippies were an attempt to push evolution, to jump the species toward a higher integration,” wrote Jay Stevens in his 1987 book, “Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream.”
A joint is not going to get you there.
Nor, in the end, did LSD. By 1966 a raft of toxic knockoffs were on the street, and the authorities recognized that, whatever its upside, acid had become part of a self-devouring drug culture that exposed many users to a poisonous menu of illicit drugs. The government outlawed distribution of LSD, and research into its effects soon ground to a near halt. Where some saw a long-overdue crackdown on abuse, others saw an overreaction.
“Once the drug illegalization crowd gets hold of it, that’s that,” said Alexander Shulgin, a former Dow chemist who discovered the effects of MDMA, or ecstasy, which has also been made a controlled substance. “People start talking about protecting little children, and worrying about whether someone’s going to jump out the window, and meanwhile we have these substances — MDMA and LSD — that may be of tremendous value in psychotherapy and couldn’t be explored.”
They can now; several trials testing psychedelics are in the works, thanks in part to the steady example set by Dr. Hofmann. “I think people in this country, when they see a patient in pain, will not deny that person a medication just because the drug has abuse potential,” said Dr. John Halpern, a Harvard psychiatrist who is testing the effect of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy in late-stage cancer patients. “LSD is always going to be a touchy subject but I think it’s kind of fallen back to earth.”
The trip is over, the hangover gone, and the prodigal child arrived home, just in time to say goodbye. |